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Astronomy - Important Pre-Christian Dates

March 10th, 2010

There is no doubt that astronomy is the oldest science and there is also no doubt that astronomy was being studied by everyone, not only the wise men, thousands and thousands of years ago.

We do not know precisely why they did it, but we can surmise that early man noticed a correlation between the weather and the stars, which were themselves not fully understood, of course.

Early man, probably even as far back as Neanderthal man, noticed the relationship between the weather and herd movements and crop growth, or at least fruit and nuts on local trees, if they did not have planted crops.

This means that people could see a connection between the stars and food availability. This relationship was probably ritualized into some sort of religion like early Wicca. Therefore, the stars became a very important part of the lives of every single person and it is likely that astrology and astronomy were widely intermixed by the average person.

However, there were also people who did not only use the stars as some vast celestial clock and who tried to make sense of the whole shebang. I am going to narrate below, eight of the most important dates or years in the history of astronomy before Christ walked on the Earth. In no way forget that they had nothing but an abacus to do there calculations and no telescopes, which came about two thousand years later.

585 BC: Thales of Miletus (c. 625- c. 547), a Greek, predicted a solar eclipse in Asia Minor purely on the basis of his observations and calculations. It was not a lucky guess!

c. 400 BC: the astronomer Oenopedes (5th. century). also a Greek, announces that the Earth is tilted on its axis with respect to the Sun.

352 BC: the Chinese report what they called a ‘guest star’, a supernova, which was the earliest reported sighting.

340 BC: The astronomer, Kidinnu (b. Babylon c. 379 BC) discovers the precession of the Equinoxes, ie the apparent change in the position of the stars caused by the Earth’s wobbling on its axis.

c. 300 BC: a ‘committee’ of Chinese astronomers compile star maps of the visible universe.

c. 240 BC: Chinese astronomers observe and make notes about Halley’s Comet. Also Eratosthenes of Cyrene (c. 276 - c.194 BC), a Greek, correctly calculate the Earth’s dimensions.

165 BC: Chinese astronomers notice sunspots for the first time.

c. 130 BC: the astronomer Hipparchus of Nicea (b. 147 BC), a Greek, correctly calculates the distance to the Earth’s Moon and also rediscovers the precession of the Equinoxes.

You will notice from the dates above that obviously not everyone let nature and the stars rule their lives, as the comon farmer or hunter did. Some men actually put pen to paper, but before pen and paper even existed, and tried to work out ‘why these manifestations occurred?’.

These people must have been remarkable men to have worked these measurements out by calculation, observation by the naked eye and rationalization alone.

Fascinated by astronomy, why not visit our website at: http://astronomy.the-real-way.com

The Chinese Calendar

March 10th, 2010

Before their implementation of the Western solar calendar system, the Chinese almost exclusively followed their own lunar calendar for working out the times of planting and harvesting and festival holidays. Though people in China today use the Western calendar for almost all business, governmental and practical matters of daily life, the old arrangement still serves as the basis for working out numerous seasonal holidays. This coexistence of two calendar schemes has long been acknowledged by the people of China.

However, this does not only happen in China, it also occurs in most other Eastern countries, like Thailand, and most Arabic countries.

A lunar month is determined by measuring the period of time needed for the moon to complete its full cycle of 29 and a half days, a standard that makes the lunar year a full eleven days shorter than its solar counterpart. This difference is corrected every 19 years by the addition of seven lunar months.

The 12 lunar months are further divided into 24 solar divisions characterized by the four seasons and times of heat and cold, all of which bear a close relationship to the yearly cycle of agricultural work.

The Chinese calendar - very much like the Hebrew calendar- is a combination of the solar and lunar calendars in that it strives to have its years concur with the tropical year and its months coincide with the synodic months. It is not surprising that a few similarities exist between the Chinese and the Hebrew calendar.

For example, an average year has 12 months, a leap year has 13 months. An ordinary year has 353, 354, or 355 days, a leap year has 383, 384, or 385 days. When determining what a Chinese year will be like, one needs to make a number of astronomical calculations.

First of all, you have to work out the dates for the new moons. In these cases, a new Moon is the completely black Moon (that is to say, when the Moon is in conjunction with the Sun), not the first visible crescent, as is used in the Islamic and Hebrew calendars. The date of a new moon is then the first day of a new month.

The reason why the majority of countries which had their own calendars had to dump them in favour of the Western, Julian calendar that we use today, is business. First the British and then the Americans ran international business and they used the Julian calendar.Anyone who wanted to work with them had to follow suit. This is why national policy often varies from local custom in Third World countries.

The government desires to deal on the International markets, but the ordinary family in the country can not. So, the government took up the Julian calendar but the people only pay lip service to it. I live in Thailand and people here do not even use the 24 hour day divided into two halves. Their day has four sections of six hours each and the first part starts at 6AM, not midnight. Therefore, they have four 4 o’clocks a day, for instance and no 7 o’clocks. They are also 543 years ahead of us, although this is more common, for example in Muslim countries.

Visit our new website on astronomy entitled Astronomy Today

The Remodeled Garage Heater

March 10th, 2010

If you have converted your garage into a workshop or home office, you are sure to need heating in one form or another. This is because most garages are not built to the same standards of insulation as the main residential building. However, that need not present a difficulty. You may even have the opposite problem during the summer, as garages often do not have windows, or at least large ones, either.

Ventilation could be another matter that you will have to cope with, but we will come to that later. If you have a plentiful supply of dead wood, you could set up a pot-bellied stove, but you will have to vent the flue outside. This is very easily done, since most garage walls are only one brick or block thick. However, if they do not burn correctly, there can be a smell, which you may find disagreeable.

Or you could use a paraffin/kerosene heater. They are cheap to buy and are readily portable. These heaters do not necessarily have to have a flue. They are easy to turn on as many of them employ an electric starter. Some also have a thermostat to regulate the temperature. They can be a hazard if there are children around as they can be tipped over. However, for most people, the glitch would be the smell given off.

You could use an electric hot air heater. They are quite cheap to buy, are easily portable and do not require a flue, but they can create a very dry atmosphere and are costly to run.

One of the most common choices these days is a gas heater. There are many different types of gas heater, but most run on butane or propane. Most of the models are fairly inexpensive. The main benefit of a gas heater is that they give consistent heat, are fairly cheap to run and are portable. Or at least many of them are.

You could have one built in, but it is scarcely worth it, unless you are using gas that needs to be vented. Propane gas heaters also come with or without thermostatic controls. A propane heater could also double as a patio or deck heater on chilly evenings.

These gas heaters come in two forms: vented and unvented. The unvented models are the portable ones. They use the air from the room and the vented models have a flue that vents straight out of the garage. The slight disadvantage of the unvented model is that you have to keep the room ventilated at all times.

Therefore, if you decide on a portable, unvented propane heater, you must leave a window partly open in order to allow the exchange of air and these heaters can be used as patio or deck heaters during the spring and autumn/fall. However, the vented gas heaters are fixed and have a flue attached, so they cannot be taken outside. Furthermore, if you decide on a vented model, you would be better off getting a professional in to install it for you by the book.

Owen Jones, the author of this piece, writes on many topics, but is currently involved with the propane outdoor heater. If you are interested in patio heaters too, please click through to Residential Patio Heaters.

CompTIA Training In Interactive Format In Detail

March 10th, 2010

There are four specialist areas of training in a full CompTIA A+ program; you’re seen as competent at A+ when you’ve gained exams for two of the four areas. Because of this, most colleges only have two of the courses on their syllabus. In reality it’s necessary to have the training for all four areas as industry will be looking for an understanding of each specialist area. You don’t have to complete all 4 certifications, however we’d advise that you study for all four areas.

CompTIA A+ training programs cover fault-finding and diagnostics - via hands on and remote access, as well as learning to build, repair and fix and having knowledge of antistatic conditions.

Perhaps you see yourself as the kind of individual who is involved with a big team - supporting, fixing and maintaining networks, you’ll need to add CompTIA Network+, or consider an MCSA or MCSE with Microsoft to give you a wider knowledge of how networks work.

Think about the points below very carefully if you believe that old marketing ploy of an ‘Exam Guarantee’ sounds great value:

Everyone knows they’re still being charged for it - it’s quite obvious to see that it’s been added into the overall price charged by the course provider. It’s certainly not free (although some people will believe anything the marketing companies think up these days!)

Those who take exams one at a time, funding them as they go are far more likely to pass first time. They’re conscious of what they’ve paid and take the necessary steps to be up to the task.

Shouldn’t you be looking to find the best exam deal or offer when you’re ready, not to pay the fees marked up by a training company, and to do it in a local testing office - rather than in some remote centre?

Huge profits are netted by some training companies that take the exam money up-front. A number of students don’t take them for various reasons and so they pocket the rest. Amazingly, there are companies around who depend on students not taking their exams - and that’s how they increase their profits.

In addition to this, ‘Exam Guarantees’ often aren’t worth the paper they’re written on. The majority of companies will not pay again for an exam until you’ve completely satisfied them that you’re ready this time.

Due to typical VUE and Prometric tests in the United Kingdom costing around 112 pounds, it makes sense to pay as you go. Not to fork out thousands extra in up-front costs. Commitment, effort and practice with quality exam preparation systems are the factors that really get you through.

A question; why might we choose commercial certification instead of traditional academic qualifications obtained from schools, colleges or universities?

Industry now recognises that to cover the necessary commercial skill-sets, official accreditation from the likes of Microsoft, CompTIA, CISCO and Adobe is far more effective and specialised - for much less time and money.

Essentially, only required knowledge is taught. It isn’t quite as lean as that might sound, but the most important function is always to focus on the exact skills required (along with a certain amount of crucial background) - without overdoing the detail in everything else (as degree courses are known to do).

What if you were an employer - and you required somebody who had very specific skills. What is easier: Pore through a mass of different academic qualifications from graduate applicants, asking for course details and which workplace skills they have, or choose a specific set of accreditations that precisely match your needs, and draw up from that who you want to speak to. Your interviews are then about personal suitability - rather than on the depth of their technical knowledge.

Some training providers offer a Job Placement Assistance program, designed to steer you into your first job. Often, this feature is bigged up too much, as it’s really not that difficult for a well trained and motivated person to secure a job in the IT industry - as employers are keen to find appropriately qualified personnel.

Bring your CV up to date as soon as possible however (advice and support for this should come from your course provider). Don’t put it off until you’ve graduated or passed any exams.

Quite frequently, you will get your first role whilst still on the course (even when you’ve just left first base). If you haven’t updated your CV to say what you’re studying (and it hasn’t been posted on jobsites) then you aren’t even in the running!

If you’d like to get employment in your home town, then it’s quite likely that a specialist independent regional recruitment consultant or service could serve you better than a national service, for they are much more inclined to be familiar with what’s available near you.

A constant frustration for some training course providers is how much students are prepared to work to get qualified, but how ill-prepared they are to market themselves for the job they’ve studied for. Don’t give up when the best is yet to come.

At times individuals don’t understand what IT is doing for all of us. It’s stimulating, innovative, and means you’re working on technology affecting everyones lives in the 21st century.

Computing technology and dialogue through the internet will noticeably change our lives in the future; remarkably so.

And it’s worth remembering that income in the IT sector across the UK is significantly more than average salaries nationally, so in general you’ll more than likely gain considerably more as an IT specialist, than you could reasonably hope to achieve elsewhere.

It seems there’s no easing up for IT sector increases in Great Britain as a whole. The market sector is still growing hugely, and as we have a skills gap that means we only typically have three IT workers for every four jobs it’s not showing any signs that there’ll be any kind of easing off for years to come.

Copyright Scott Edwards 2009. Try CLICK HERE or www.learninglolly.com/A_Training_Courses.html.

UK Based IT Retraining - Thoughts

March 10th, 2010

A very small number of men and women in the UK today are enjoying job satisfaction. Of course, most will do nothing about it. The fact that you’ve got this far surely tells us that you’re considering or may be ready for a change.

On the subject of training, it’s important to first define what you DO want and DON’T want from the job you’d like to train for. You need to know that the grass actually is greener before your energies are focused on changing the direction of your life. Prudence suggests looking at the destination you’re hoping for, to avoid disappointment:

* Is collaborating with others important to you? Would that be with the same people or with many new people? Perhaps working alone with your own methodology would be more your thing?

* Do you have a preference which market sector you choose to work in? (In this economy, it’s even more crucial to choose carefully.)

* Is it important that this should be the only time re-training is necessary?

* Are you confident that your chosen retraining is commercially viable, and will have the ability to keep you in work until your pension kicks in?

When listing your options, it’s relevant that one of your key sectors is the IT industry - it’s common knowledge that it’s developing all the time. It’s not full of geeky individuals lost in their computer screens every day - it’s true those jobs exist, but the majority of roles are filled with Joe averages who do very well out of it.

Coming across job security these days is problematic. Businesses often throw us out of the workforce at the drop of a hat - as and when it suits them.

We could however discover market-level security, by looking for high demand areas, coupled with work-skill shortages.

Reviewing the computer market, the recent e-Skills study brought to light a twenty six percent shortage in trained professionals. Accordingly, out of each 4 positions available in IT, organisations are only able to find properly accredited workers for 3 of the 4.

This one truth alone clearly demonstrates why the United Kingdom is in need of many more new trainees to get into the IT industry.

It would be hard to imagine if a better time or market state of affairs could exist for getting trained into this rapidly emerging and budding industry.

Students who consider this area of study often have a very practical outlook on work, and don’t always take well to classrooms, and slogging through piles of books. If you’re thinking this sounds like you, use multimedia, interactive learning, where everything is presented via full motion video.

Our ability to remember is increased when all our senses are brought into the mix - learning experts have been saying this for years now.

Modern training can now be done at home via easy-to-use DVD or CD ROM’s. Through instructor-led video classes you’ll take everything in via the demonstrations and explanations. You can then test yourself by utilising the practice lab’s and modules.

All companies should be able to show you a few examples of the materials provided for study. Expect video tutorials, instructor led classes and many interactive sections.

Avoid training that is purely online. Physical CD or DVD ROM materials are preferable where offered, as you need to be able to use them whenever it’s convenient for you - ISP quality varies, so you don’t want to be totally reliant on your internet connection always being ‘up’ and available.

The world of information technology is amongst the most thrilling and changing industries that you can get into right now. To be working on the cutting-edge of technology is to be a part of the massive changes that will affect us all over the next generation.

Computer technology and connections via the web is going to spectacularly change the way we live our lives in the near future; profoundly so.

A standard IT man or woman in the United Kingdom is likely to get noticeably more money than his or her counterpart outside of IT. Mean average remuneration packages are amongst the highest in the country.

The need for professionally qualified and skilled IT workers is certain for a good while yet, because of the ongoing expansion in IT dependency in commerce and the very large shortage that we still have.

Far too many companies only look at the plaque to hang on your wall, and avoid focusing on what you actually need - which will always be getting the job or career you want. Always start with where you want to get to - don’t make the journey more important than where you want to get to.

Imagine training for just one year and then end up doing a job for a lifetime. Ensure you avoid the fatal error of choosing what sounds like an ‘interesting’ training program only to spend 20 years doing a job you don’t like!

Get to grips with the income level you aspire to and what level of ambition fits you. This will influence which accreditations will be expected and how much effort you’ll have to give in return.

Have a chat with a skilled professional who understands the work you’re contemplating, and is able to give you an in-depth explanation of what to expect in that role. Getting to the bottom of all this long before you start on any study program makes a lot of sense, doesn’t it?

(C) Scott Edwards 2009. Pop over to computertrainingcollege.co.uk or CLICK HERE.

Dieting And Fitness As Tools

March 9th, 2010

When it comes to living a long and healthy life, there are two necessary ingredients: diet and fitness. While some believe that they are inseparable, nothing could be further from the truth. It is quite possible to have a perfectly healthy diet with deplorable fitness habits. It is equally possible to be physically fit with less than perfect eating habits.

There’s a clever little line in the Jimmy Buffet lyrics “Fruitcakes” when his ‘lady’ is complaining: “I treat my body like a temple, You treat yours like a tent”

I can’t help thinking of this line whenever I think about all the people around the world who are on these garbage in, garbage out diet regimens hoping to accomplish the weight loss success of those who are endorsing the items.

To be completely honest, it is possible to lose pounds by dieting alone. It is difficult but possible. It is also possible to be physically fit and still have a few extra pounds. To a large part, we are what we eat. If we follow a high fat low fibre diet our bodies are going to lack the fuel required to burn the fat. At the same time if we are not providing our bodies with the tools it needs to build muscle it does not matter how many weights we lift.

When it comes to diet and fitness, the best results are achieved when they are combined together rather. Use your fitness routine to burn excess calories and use your diet in order to provide your body with the nutrients and fuel it requires to build muscle.

A pound of muscle takes up less space on the body than a pound of fat. Pound for pound, I would much prefer mine be built of muscle than fat. Dieting alone does not build muscle and that is something you would do well to remember.

You should also understand that as you are building muscle you may be shedding inches while not showing a great deal of progress on the scale. It is very important that you keep this in mind throughout the weight loss process. Do not measure your progress by the scales alone or you will perceive misleading results.

The problem is that far too many people do just this, grow frustrated and give up when they are in point of fact making progress. Do not allow yourself to be a victim of the scales. Look in the mirror, try on your tight pants, and measure your waistline. Measure your success by how you feel after climbing a flight of stairs not by the scales.

By building exercise into your diet routine you are also enabling your body to burn off any extra calories you may have consumed during the day. This means that if you want to have a small ‘cheat’ during your day, you can make up for it by burning a few more calories than usual in the evening. This is not something that should happen often but an infrequent incidence is not going to make or break your diet.

You should also consider dieting and exercise as a hand and glove type of relationship. They fit together. Diet and fitness when combined can create incredible weight loss results for those who take them both seriously.

The thing to remember is that neither works well alone and neither will work unless you are willing to do the work. You must make this a main concern in your life in order to achieve the best possible results.

Owen Jones, the author of this piece, writes on many topics, but is currently involved with why can’t I lose weight. If you have an interest in losing weight, please go over to our website now at Why Can’t I Lose Weight?

Property Tax Sales are an Excellent Investment Opportunity

March 9th, 2010

This is a tough economic time. You hear that refrain everywhere these days. And while this is true to a great extent, it is also an excellent time for the smart investor to take a second look at the current real estate market. Property Tax Sales are a great way to get started in the real estate market or for those with experience to expand their portfolio of properties and other real estate.

Property tax sales are foreclosure properties that are often sold at public auctions for a fraction of their actual value. There are such deals out there that it is possible to purchase land for under $1000 and homes for less than $5000. These are quality properties that you can turn around in a short time for a tremendous return on your investment.

Property Tax Sales in general come in two types: tax lien sales and tax deed sales. While both tax lien sales and tax deed sales represent excellent investment opportunities with little or no risk they do differ in the essentials. Therefore it is very important that you understand these differences and all the rules that regulate these types of sales.

Remember, while it is possible to go it alone and start investing without any outside assistance it is far easier to do it with the help of experts who offer years of experience to be your guide. There are sites that can provide you with the instruction and education you need to really get some properties that can help you get that essential cash flow you need far quicker than on your own. By becoming a member you will also be able to access a far wider pool of properties throughout the country by utilizing data bases that are there for your perusal.

You will be able to input information on exactly the types of Property Tax Sales for which you are looking, such as price, location or any other variable you need in order to start investing. There are also often professional investors available to answer any questions that you might have. There is often even other like-minded investors such as yourself with whom you can compare and contrast strategies.

There is no reason for you to be on the fence if you are at all interested in upgrading your life and making a promising future for you and your family. Investing in these Property Tax Sales you will be able to see the rewards of being in control of your life and the payoffs far sooner that you would imagine. Research everything and make good choices.

Learn more about Property Tax Sales. Stop by No Risk Investor where you can find out all about Property Tax Auctions and how you can profit by them.

The Flawless Barbecue Party

March 9th, 2010

The three most essential elements of any barbecue party are the guests, the weather and the food. I can not make recommendations about your friends and family, you are on your own there, but I hope you will find my suggestions for the other two fronts practical.

An unplanned party in the garden is great and often the best parties are the ones that just happen off the cuff, but if you want something a little more formal or more notable then you have to organize. The first step is to pick a date far enough in the future for most people to be unlikely to have a prior engagement, but not so far that they might forget about your barbecue party.

Depending on where you live of course, try to pick a date when it is not likely to be cool or wet. This is hard in places like the UK, but may be easier where you live. If the party goes on into the night it may get chilly anyway and you could hire a few gas patio heaters in advance just in case. You could also have a sunshade or sheltered seating area in case of blazing sunshine or a light shower.

These days many people are vegetarian and you will have to plan in advance for them and other dieters, if they make up a sizable number of your guests. You could send out RSVP invitations and ask your guests to make known any special dietary requirements. I am not really suggesting that you have to cater to everybody, but if you have a lot of Jews or Arabs coming you will need to provide an alternative to pork chops and of course there are other minorities too.

In fact, you may have to do some investigation into the religions of the people coming to your barbecue party, because often cooking utensils may not have touched pork of meat or shellfish. Most people of the guests with these dietary needs will have been in this situation before and will appreciate if you go some way to providing an alternative.

For this reason, you will have to get your RSVP cards back at least a week before your barbecue party and do a bit of investigation on the telephone or the Internet. Then start preparing the barbecue side dishes. These should include baked or and boiled jacket potatoes and potato salad, baked beans, egg quarters and coleslaw along with pickles, relish, onions, chutneys tomato and curry sauces (hot and not so hot), as most people will eat them. These can be got ready a few days in advance and kept in Tupperware boxes in the fridge. Bread in the form of buns is also important so that people can make sandwiches.

It is imperative for a polished act, to have your party area fully prepared before your guests turn up. it is a good idea to set the music system up in the garden shed or the garage to save it from any sudden shower. Provide plenty of tissues for wiping greasy fingers and plenty of receptacles for the debris. Finger bowls with lemon water would be a good idea for this purpose too.

Owen Jones, the writer of this article, writes on many subjects, but is currently involved with the propane outdoor heater. If you are interested in patio heaters too, please click through to Residential Patio Heaters.

The Benefits Of Car Donation

March 9th, 2010

Car donation programs are a fundraising method subsidized by non-profit associations as a strategy to elevate financial resources coming from the earnings of the sale. However, under no instances give your automobile to one which will not give more as compared to 75% of the sale coming from the automobile.

There are plenty of organizations of which look like charities but are not. They are meant for profit enterprises, accepting your car donation as well as take 5 to 10 percentages of the earnings via the charitable organization.

Always ensure you phone the charitable organization you pick to donate a car to and make certain of which the earnings go immediately to the organization you choose to donate to. You need to call them first so that you can personally check with details as well as know their direct or toll free number as well as website.

The first thing you need to do is a pick a charity that you desire which will receive your automobile donation. Phone the charity yourself. Inquire that charitable organization just what percentage of their particular proceeds goes specifically in order to fund their own programs and also exactly what percent pays for administration expenditures.

They’ll check with your information as well as also facts like whose name goes on the tax receipt, exactly just what kind of automobile you are going to donate, year, make as well as model of the automobile. A few might find out you the Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) for the car, the condition of the vehicle as well as also contact information as well as facts so they can go get the vehicle. Once they have the details generally it takes about two to four days for them to pick up the vehicle.

Once again under no circumstances give a car to an organization of which will not give more in comparison with 75% of the sale of your car donation. There are loads of associations which look similar to aid organizations but are not. They are for profit enterprises, receiving your autos as well as providing only five to ten percent of the proceeds to charity.

Car donation is good approach to dispose of your old automobile due to the fact you will additionally have tax advantages out of it. Yes, you could possibly get tax advantages if you donate a car to an altruistic group. Just make certain that you keep all your receipt as well as other legal forms of which are provided out when you donate a car.

So if you ever happen to have an older auto which you prefer to dispose, car donation is actually a good option. Not solely you’ll be able to get a tax incentive you in addition get to support a great deal of unlucky individuals.

Why don’t you donate a car to charity rather than selling it for a few hundred dollars? There is many car donation programs that are very beneficial to charity.

Gas Lanterns

March 9th, 2010

There are several types of gas lantern. They are chiefly used to produce light when you do not have a battery light or access to an electrical socket. In fact, they are most often used for emergency situations, when the power goes out at home, when you are camping or sitting in the garden later in the evening. They offer much more light than most torches and they are handy because you can stand them on a table, carry them, or hang them up.

There are quite a few models of gas lantern. However, they differ not only in design, but also in the type of fuel they burn. Some people like the old fashioned style kerosene or paraffin lamps. They like the design, the historical facet and possibly even the smell.

Their benefits are that the fuel is low-priced and easy to find. However, their disadvantages are that they smell and are very dangerous if tipped over. The storage of surplus paraffin or kerosene is also a serious hazard, should a fire break out.

If you want one of these old style kerosene lanterns, they are widely available at camping, army surplus and hardware suppliers. If you are going to use them for emergency lighting, it is best to have four or five on hand, clean and ready to fill.

The wicks should be trimmed and the glass clean. Store them in plastic bags to prevent dust building up on them. Keep one already filled with kerosene so that you can fill the others by its light. It is safer and less wasteful this way.

However, the modern equivalent of the kerosene lantern is the propane gas lantern. Propane gas lanterns burn with a very clean flame, which is also quite hot, so it does warm up its immediate surroundings, possibly to a distance of a foot or two. Therefore, it can keep faces warm on a cool evening in the garden.

Propane gas lanterns are fueled by gas canisters. They come in various sizes from quite small to large, but the gas does burn for a long while. The small canisters are best for emergency use and the larger ones for use on camping trips or in the garden. They are fairly cheap, are clean to burn, provide some heat, are light weight and are very safe.

On the safety side of things, it is clearly very important that you abide by the manufacturer’s directions when using any kind of gas lantern, because they are all a latent fire hazard, particularly when camping in a wood.

Become acquainted with the operation of the lantern you make your mind up to use before you have to use it. The gas lantern may get hot so be careful with it and get used to lighting it in the daylight so that you know what you are doing, when you need the gas lantern for real. One last suggestion, if you are taking a propane gas lantern on a camping holiday, take enough canisters with you. The merchant should be able to let know you how many hours they will last for the use you are going to put them to.

Owen Jones, the writer of this piece, writes on many subjects, but is currently involved with the propane outdoor heater. If you are interested in patio heaters too, please click through to Residential Patio Heaters.